Biennial grown as annual. Slow to germinate (14–28 days) — soak seeds overnight. Start indoors 8–10 weeks before last frost or direct sow 4–6 weeks before. Transplants are slow to recover; handle root carefully. Once established, very productive for months. Overwinters in zones 6+ for early spring harvest. Flat-leaf (Italian) generally more flavorful than curly.

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